Adverb and Adverb of Frequency

Adverbs

Adverb adalah kata yang memodifikasi atau member keterangan pada penggunaan Verb, Adjective, ataupun Adverb lainnya. Secara umum Adverb berarti kata keterangan.

Contoh:

·   The teacher carefully graded the homework.

Carefully adalah adverb yang memodifikasi action verb to grade.

·   Tommy was extremely enthusiastic about doing his homework.

Extremely adalah adverb yang memodifikasi adjective enthusiastic.

·   Nanda ran out of the classroom very quickly.

Very adalah adverb yang memodifikasi the adverb quickly.

Pembentukan Adverbs

1. Umumnya Adverb dibentuk dengan menambah akhiran -ly pada adjective.

·       loud = loudly 

·       careless = carlessly 

·       safe = safely

2. Adjectives yang berakhiran hurup konsonan +y diubah dari "y" ke "i" kemudian ditambah -ly untuk bentuk Adverb-nya.

·       lazy = lazily

·       crazy = crazily

·       angry = angrily

3. Adjectives yang berakhiran -ic ditambahkan -ally untuk bentuk Adverb-nya.

·       pessimistic = pessimistically 

·       optimistic = optimistically

·       enthusiastic = enthusiastically 

Adverbs yang tidak beraturan (Irregular Adverb)

1.     beberapa irregular adverbs dibawah ini memiliki kesamaan bentuk sebagai adverb maupun adjective.

adjective	adverb	adjective	adverb
fast	fast	early	early
hard	hard	late	late

2. Bentuk Adjective untuk "good" adalah "well", namun terkadang "well" bisa berfungsi sebagai adjective yang berarti "sehat."

Contoh:

John had the flu last week, but today he is well (healthy). 

 3. Kata "not" juga kata-kata yang menunjukan wktu dan tempat termasuk adverbs.

·       today 

·       soon 

·       there 

·       not 

·       here 

·       tomorrow 

·       early

Penempatan Adverbs

Adverbs dalam kalimat negative dan interogative

Aturan:

Dalam pertanyaan, adverbs tidak bisa hadir diantara auxiliary verb dan subjek. Dalam kalimat negative, adverbs tidak bisa hadir diantara auxiliary dan "not".

Contoh:

Correct: Did you give it to him secretly? No, I did not give it to him secretly.

Incorrect: ·       Did you give secretly it to him? ·      No, I did secretly not give it to him.

Aturan:

Dalam kalimat negative dan kalimat pertanyaan, adverbs biasanya TIDAK berada pada awal kalimat.

Contoh:

Correct: ·       Does she speak quickly? ·       No, she doesn't speak quickly.

Incorrect: ·       Quickly does she speak? ·       No, quickly she does not speak.

Adverbs of Frequency (Keseringan)

Arti

Beberapa dari adverb frequency yang umum adalah sebagai berikut:

·       100% of the time = always

·       85% of the time = almost always,

·       45% of the time = usually, generally, frequently, often

·       30% of the time = sometimes, occasionally

·       10% of the time = seldom, rarely, hardly ever, almost never

·       0% of the time = never, not ever

EVER:  untuk menanyakan seberapa sering.  Berarti pula "kapanpun."

 Adverbs of frequency member tahukan SEBERAPA SERING kegiatan dilakukan ulang. Biasanya digunakan dalam kalimat present atau past tense.  Gunakan "ever" untuk bertanya.

Contoh:

·       I usually do my homework in the library.

·       I never do my homework in the living room.

·       She seldom went to parties alone.

Penggunaan adverbs of frequency

Ketika seseorang bertanya "Do you EVER forget to make your bed?" (apakah kamu pernah lupa merapikan tempat tidurmu?), kamu bisa menjawab menggunakan adverb of frequency:

·       Yes, I occasionally forget to make my bed"  atau

·       Yes, I sometimes do.  atau

·       No, I never do.

Bagaimanapun juga, jika seseorang bertanya "HOW OFTEN" (seberapa seringkah?) kegiatan yang berlangsung, kamu harus menyertakan ekspresi waktu dalam jawabanmu – tidak sesederhana dari adverb of frequency.

Contoh:

How often do you go to the bank?    I (usually) go to the bank once a month.

Penempatan adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of frequency ditempatkan pada:

SEBELUM verb utama kecuali verb itu adalah BE.

“I always study in the library when I have an exam”

SETELAH verb "Be".

I am always tired after classes.

Aturan:

Jangan pernah meletakan adverb diantara vearb utama dan objeknya.

Wrong:  I give almost always the dog a bath on Saturday.

Correct:  I almost always give the dog a bath on Saturday.

Adverbs of frequency dalam pertanyaan

Pertanyaan

Aturan:

Dalam bertanya, letakan adverb of frequency setelah subjek.

Contoh:

·       Do you always sit in the same seat?

·       Do you ever sit in the same seat?

·       Is Jim never going to stop talking?

·       Is Jim ever going to stop talking?

Untuk jawaban singkat

Aturan:

Dalam jawaban yang singkat, letakan adverb of frequency diantara subjek dan verb untuk SEMUA verb.

Contoh:

·       Do you ever go hiking?  Yes, I sometimes do.

·       Is your father ever sick?  Yes, he occasionally is.

Negative frequency adverbs

Aturan:

Adverbs of frequency seperti "seldom", "rarely", dan "never" adalah kata negatif. Ini berarti bahwa kamu tidak memerlukan auxiliary "do" dalam penggunaannya dalam kalimat bentuk negatif.  Bila menggunakan "not + ever" gunakanlah auxiliary "do"

Contoh:

I don't enjoy bus trips.	I almost never enjoy bus trips	I don't ever enjoy bus trips
I don't  leave my books in class.	I seldom leave my books in class.	I don't ever leave my books in class.
I do not fail exams in that class.	I rarely fail exams in that class.	I do not ever fail exams in that class.

Penempatan:

Negative frequency adverbs seperti (seldom, rarely, never, hardly ever, almost never, and never) sama dengan "always" Selalu ditempatkan sebelum verb utama kecuali BE. (ditempatkan SETELAH verb "Be".) Posisinya tidak dapat berubah.

Correct	Wrong
John is always late.	John is late always. John always is late.
He never does it well.	He does it never well. Never he does it well.
I seldom work hard.	I work hard seldom. I work seldom hard.

 Flexible adverbs (Adverb yang bisa disesuaikan)

Flexible adverbs berarti sama dengan "sometimes" atau "often" (usually, often, frequently, generally, sometimes, occasionally) dapat berubah-ubah dalam penempatannya. Dalam kondisi berada ditengah-tengah kalimat (lihat lagi pembahasan diatas), flexible adverb bisa juga ditempatkan diawal maupun diakhir kalimat.

Contoh:

·       Generally elections are held in September.

·       Elections are generally held in September.

·       Elections are held in September generally .

Flexible adverbs dalam kalimat negatif

Flexible adverbs of frequency dibawah ini juga flexible dalam kalimat negatif. Bisa ditempatkan sebelum ataupun setelah negative verb.

Contoh:

·       My husband usually doesn't feed the dogs early.

·       My husband doesn't usually feed the dogs early.